فصلنامه سنجش از دور و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی در منابع طبیعی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and uses. Those human activities that are limited to certain places and find a relatively stable position, create human uses. Therefore, analysis of wetland change has become a management priority. land use/land cover (LULC) plays a key role in the study of environmental developments at the local, regional and global levels. Human activity and change in the Earth's surface lead to changes in the structure and ecological processes of the Earth's natural systems. These changes mainly affect the main aspects of land functions (including energy balance, water, soil, and food network). In addition, pressure on natural resources, which is due to the human need for environmental resources and is often influenced by population growth drivers, leads to changes in the Earth's surface. Landscape changes due to human interventions lead to different developments and trends in land use/land cover. Therefore, time/coverage analysis is very important for understanding and routing spatial changes from the past to the present and planning for the future. Today, high-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data are used as an essential tool for estimating aspects such as vegetation, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remote sensing and GIS technology provide a platform for studying landscape deformation across the earth's surface. Remote sensing data provide valuable information in a relatively short time and cost-effectively. High-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs can be used to study land use/land cover changes in different ecosystems and areas. The fact that Shadegan Wetland is one of the international wetlands in the country, which is currently on the Montreux list due to human interventions, can assess the developments around the wetland, especially in the process and type of land use/land cover changes, in identifying the drivers The main impact on this wetland is associated with its practical importance and helping to remove this wetland from the Montreux list. And waterfront can be used to adjust the exit bill of this wetland from the Montreux list. In this study, integrated remote sensing and GIS methods have been used to detect land use/land cover changes in the enclosed area and affect Shadegan wetland.

The study area is located in Shabangan Wetland, surrounded by the Ozon Plain. Due to the immediate man-made effects on Shadegan Wetland, especially the role of the surrounding roads and waterways, this area was closed on the latest Google Earth satellite images and then transferred to the layers used. In this area, the international distance is 48 degrees and 19 minutes and 16 seconds to 49 degrees and 3 minutes and 44 seconds and the northern latitude is 29 degrees and 55 minutes, 44 seconds to 38 degrees, 28 minutes and 42 seconds at a distance of about 60 kilometres. It is located south of Ahvaz, the capital of the province, and 5 km south of Shadegan. In this research, images of the 20 years of the Landsat satellite from the years 1999-to 2019 have been used. ENVI software is also used to classify images. After preprocessing and making the relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the algorithm, the maximum likelihood of processing and highlighting the images was done, and also the kappa accuracy and coefficient of each layer were estimated for accuracy. Then, the preparation of cover and land use maps included different classes of natural land cover and human land uses. In the detection, the most important changes were made around the Shadegan wetland, so in this process, major changes in the existing classes were considered. To detect changes, the Change Detection method was used in ENVI software, which can provide complete information on changes in land use/land cover types. Land use changes were selected in 5 periods with a time interval of 20 (2019-1999).

Five-time periods of satellite data on the use and coverage of Shadegan Wetland in the years 2017, 2014, 2001, 1999, and 2019 were prepared after pre-processing and making relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the maximum probability of processing and highlighting algorithm. Pictures were taken. The Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated maps and according to the results, the 2019 data had the highest kappa coefficient and the highest overall accuracy. According to land cover and land use classes, the land use/land cover map of the study area was prepared for the mentioned five time periods. The findings of this study show that the land area of Shadegan wetland has changed from about 90,000 hectares in 2001 to about 150,000 hectares in 1999 during the 20 years ending 2019 the area of the wetland has decreased by about 40% in two years. After that, the wetland lands have increased and this increase continues gradually until today. However, despite this increase, the area of the wetland has not been provided in 1999, the area has decreased by about 16% compared to this year.

Considering the trend of bare lands without cover and saline lands, it can be concluded that these two diagrams have an inverse trend towards each other, which can be seen at this point or the intersection of the two desired covers. For this purpose, the desired cover must be obtained, which is created by runoff, so that in a period, the lands began to lose their coverage and became saline lands and salt ponds. Also, considering the increase in uncovering land in 2001 and the water trend, it can be concluded that this increase was due to the decrease in surface water. Due to the trend of saline lands in the relevant period and being in line with the water trend, if the water supply of the wetland is provided, thousands of saline’s will become natural lands. Also, the relative increase in water in recent years and the decrease in bare uncovered land, and the increase in saline land, indicate that the water that replaces bare uncovered land is saline. The two groups of land use and agricultural activity did not cause drastic changes in the study period and according to Table 4, the average percentage of changes in these two land uses was 4.5% and more than 1%, respectively, which is expected to have a significant impact on There is no process of destruction and destruction of lands around the wetland and therefore cannot be considered as a critical factor.

 Floods are one of the most catastrophic and dangerous natural hazards because they are sudden and unpredictable and lead to the destruction of infrastructure, and a threat to human life and property. Identifying areas with high flood potential is one of the most important tasks in flood control and reducing the damage caused by it. Floods are one of the most serious natural hazards that pose serious threats to residential areas and also pose financial and human risks. Floods rank first in terms of damage caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Cited. Floods can occur not only in the plains but also in mountainous environments. Flood analysis and its relationship to explanatory variables can help water managers identify the most effective variable in floods. Communities, countries, and pcontinents have suffered severe human losses and economic costs due to the increasing severity and frequency of these natural disasters). In the world due to the increase of these natural disasters, human death in the coming period is probably doubled. Floods are one of the most serious natural hazards that pose a serious threat to residential areas. Climate change and the steady increase in urbanization that occurs with increasing population, followed by an increase in man-made structures, ultimately reduce permeability and possibly further increase the risk of floods and the potential for socio-economic damage. Confirming the growing risks and increasing frequency of flood events, a paradigm shift in flood risk management is observed in many countries, such as Europe. Flood management and mitigation require comprehensive perspectives that take into account a diverse set of flood risk management measures, including active stakeholder engagement, communication, and awareness raising. The present study was conducted in the Neka Rud watershed in Mazandaran province. The use of geographical systems can identify flood-sensitive areas with high accuracy in the shortest time using information layers. This watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the province and its study is of great importance in terms of flood risks due to its high rainfall. Enjoys. The overall purpose of this study is to prioritize sub-basins concerning flooding based on morphological analysis and also to use GIS software as an efficient and cost-effective tool. In this study, the morphometric study of the watershed was investigated and flood sub-basins were identified. The purpose of this study is to identify areas with high flood potential in the Neka River watershed of Mazandaran province to prevent the risks of this natural disaster and prevent financial and human damage.

 Seventeen Morphometric parameters were determined to describe the watershed and prioritize the sub-basins of the Neka watershed according to the sensitivity to sudden floods. The basic parameters were measured directly from the DEM using GIS techniques and include basin area, basin length, environment, number of streams, and flow lengths for each flow rating. In this study, very important morphometric parameters were quantitatively selected and used for this analysis. These parameters are directly or inversely related to runoff hazards, peak discharge, and soil erosion. These parameters were divided into three parts: linear, uneven, and surface. Finally, sub-basins were prioritized using this method. To assess the morphology of the watershed, a digital elevation map (DEM) with a resolution of 12.5 m was loaded. Morphological parameters are directly or inversely related to the outbreak. After morphological ranking, the values of each sub-basin were collected to classify and determine their susceptibility to flash floods. The values of the sum of morphometric parameters summarized from 0 for the lowest rank value and 1 for the highest rank value to obtain the flood sensitivity index for each sub-basin were normalized and finally evaluated. Clear changes are observed in the basic parameters of watersheds such as area, environment, and length of the basin. These basin parameters are a very remarkable hydrological feature. The watershed area varies from 484.37 square kilometers under the N1 basin to 48.18 km2 under the N8 basin. The environment can also be used as an indicator of the shape and size of the watershed. According to the obtained results, there is a high correlation between the area and the watershed environment.

The Neka Basin was divided into 12 sub-basins using the Hydrology Toolbox from ArcGIS. According to the obtained results, it was found that sub-basins N8 and N9 have a high priority for flooding. The results show that these two sub-basins are very prone to flooding. Also, sub-basins N11 and N12 have a much lower risk of flooding. The total number of 12 sub-basin flows for the watershed is 366681 and for the first time, it constitutes 52% of the total watershed flows. Geometric values for 12 watersheds are shown in the form of a graph and a straight line, where the log values of the flow number are plotted on a graph.

Because there are insufficient historical climatic and hydrological records for hydrological modeling, morphometric analysis has been used to assess sub-watershed susceptibility to flooding. The results and analysis obtained in the present study have several fields for practical application and future development. Morphometric analysis of the Neka basin has shown that the watershed is a six-stage drainage system that is very sensitive to flooding. According to the results, sub-basins N8 and N9 have a high risk of flooding. In contrast, the N12 sub-basin has a much lower rate of flooding. The study of the basin showed that the reason for the low flooding below the N12 basin is the shape of the basin and the amount of slope, which has an elongated shape and the area is almost flat in terms of unevenness, which reduces the risk of floods. This study showed that the protection of the region against sudden floods should be the main priority of the competent authorities to protect human lives and agricultural farms and ultimately prevent flood disasters. In this study, it was proved that integration and morphological analysis with GIS can provide a significant tool for understanding the characteristics of watershed sub-basins related to flood management.

 The rise in wealth, improving living standards, increasing the rate of population growth, along with increasing the level of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas around the world, are the main reasons for the significant increase in solid waste production, including industrial waste. These wastes lead to the emergence of environmental and human problems and on the other hand, disrupt environmental security. Among the wastes, industrial wastes are highly important due to their high variability, and choosing a suitable location for the landfill site of these wastes is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. There are many methods for waste disposal such as a sanitary landfill, combustion, recycling, recovery, reduction, and composting. But sanitary burial in a Landfill is an appropriate and acceptable option for disposing of industrial solid waste. Choosing the right place for a solid waste landfill is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. The site selection process is one of the most difficult tasks related to solid waste management systems because it is subject to government regulations, municipal and government budgets, increasing population density, increasing environmental awareness, public health concerns, reducing the availability of suitable land for Landfilling and increasing political and social opposition to the creation of landfills. GIS is an important tool for identifying and selecting the right site and has a positive impact on time and cost management, as well as providing a digital database for long-term monitoring that is able to process complex geographic data and graphically display results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the proper place for non-particular landfill of Birjand industrial park, based on the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Energy in the GIS environment. In this study, the best places in terms of environment, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socio-social criteria. This study is able to provide a model while applying all standards of the country, to reduce the ecological risk. 

 For this purpose, 8 parameters including environmental, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socioeconomic as the main criteria were examined in the form of 26 subcriteria. After identifying the criteria and the amount of restriction and prohibition for each factor, information was obtained by referring to the relevant organizations of each criterion. And the database is required by using GIS and Google Earth pro systems. Then, the limitations in each layer were removed using the tools in the GIS software environment. The remaining areas were standardized using layers defuzzification. Finally, the layers are integrated using the Rasters calculation tool, and the best area for the site construction of the waste landfill location was selected.

After combining the maps and applying the existing prohibition, four polygons in the north of the industrial park and a polygon in the south of the region were identified that there is no prohibition on the construction of a landfill place. Then the parameters such as slope, height, aspect, soil type, rainfall, land use, and vegetation map were applied as restrictions. After applying the restrictions in the region, only one polygonal remains in the northern part of the industrial park, which is proposed as a suitable area for the construction of a waste landfill. The area has less than 5% slope, its vegetation is poor and the moor region is considered. It is also not in the dominant wind direction of the region. This polygon distance to the industrial park is about 4 km. The overall area is 3 million square meters. With a field visit of the proposed polygon, the sigmoid sluice area, the bare lands, and the border of the hill was removed from an area of 3000000 m². And, only two polygons with an area of 467,000 m3 were reminded. According to the annual volume of waste generated in the region (2400 m²) and the lifespan of 20 years, the total volume of waste is equal to 48000 m². To bury this volume of waste, a land with dimensions of 300×80 m² with a depth of at least two meters is needed. According to the area of the proposed area, there are about 18 plots with a depth of two meters in the area that can be selected as a landfill.

The results show that attention to existing standards can be considered a tool for choosing the ideal site. This study is able to provide a model that, while using all national standards, also leads to an ecological risk. Finally, it is suggested that recycling produced per unit reduces waste production from origin. The stone powder prepared from the stone factories' wastes, re-separation of construction waste according to the size, and reuse of them in construction can lead to the recycling of most of this waste. It is essential to implement the proposed landfill as soon as possible, as they are now discharged without any management around, which has become a health and aesthetic problem and the area is becoming a dust source.

 In recent years, due to climate change and drought, as well as the lack of supervision in digging agricultural wells, many of the country's aquifers have been harvested improperly, which has led to a negative balance of these aquifers to the extent that, according to the Geological Survey, most of the country's plains have experienced a drop in groundwater levels. Today, the study, planning and planning to reduce the risks of natural hazards is one of the main issues of officials and planners of countries. One of the hazards that are less considered due to gradual performance is the phenomenon of subsidence, which in recent years due to increased use of important aquifers in the plains of the country has become a pervasive problem. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of subsidence and its possible dangers as a threat to human projects as well as rural settlements in the Ardabil plain.tp

The study area of ​​Ardabil plain is located between the latitude of thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes north latitude to thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes and the longitude of east geography forty-eight degrees and fifteen minutes to forty-eight degrees and thirty-five minutes in the northwestern part of Ardabil province. To investigate the groundwater status of the plain, data from 38 observation wells prepared by the Ardabil Regional Water Organization and located at the plain level have been used. First, using 30-year statistics of 65 observation wells and GIS, a water potential drop map for the region was prepared. Then, using fuzzy Dematel model, experts' opinions were collected and modeled. This method is one of the conceptual methods for structuring decision problems. The Dematel technique is based on graph theory, and in this way we can divide the criteria into two groups of cause and effect criteria to gain a better understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship and finally be able to create a network of interrelationships. Finally, after creating the general relationship matrix and according to the defined threshold size, we create the final relationship matrix in which the number zero means no relationship and the number one means the relationship between two criteria. Using the final relations matrix, we conduct a survey of experts on the extent to which factors affect each other with respect to their interdependence. After the data was obtained from the relevant organizations, a database was created for the information in the ArcCatalog software environment, and then maps related to this data were created in ArcGIS software. After the weights of the different layers were obtained using the fuzzy network analysis method, they entered the ArcGIS software and multiplied the weights of each sub-criterion in the map we created for each layer and finally gathered the maps together to get a final map Came. The final map shows the areas of Ardabil plain that are classified in terms of subsidence risk and in five categories in terms of danger status were shown with color spectrum. Then, the area with severe water loss was selected and compared with the scattering map of deep wells. In the last step, using advanced and fuzzy hybrid models and network analysis in the software environment of GIS, each of the layers of sediment sensitivity and water level drop membership is determined and using fuzzy linear overlap, the area sensitivity map to subsidence in five classes of very sensitivity High, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and very low sensitivity were prepared. To prepare the final map of subsidence risk status in Ardabil plain, first the obtained weights for each sub-factor were multiplied in the fuzzy maps of that sub-factor and then these weighted maps were aggregated using the Raster Calculator tool. The final fuzzy map of subsidence risk assessment of Ardabil plain is changing with the color spectrum changes from blue, which represents the lowest, to red, which represents the highest. The blue color indicates low risk areas and the red color indicates high risk areas in terms of subsidence risk in Ardabil plain and villages located in this area.

After obtaining the initial plan to assess the subsidence risk status and areas at risk of subsidence in Ardabil plain, the final map to assess the status of Ardabil plain in terms of land subsidence risk has been prepared according to the weights and layers obtained. Since all the base layer maps were reclassified into five layers and the weight corresponding to each layer was given according to the condition of the layers, the final map was classified and weighted into five layers, which according to experts and professors is as follows; 1) Low risk areas, 2) Medium risk areas, 3) High risk, 4) Damaged areas, 5) Critical areas. Finally, using the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk assessment, as well as the ranking obtained from the opinions of relevant experts, the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk analysis was prepared. Also, the map of deep wells in Ardabil plain and its distribution in rural areas, it can be seen that the highest distribution and concentration of deep wells in the eastern part of the plain is in Wilkij e Markazi and Fooladloo e Shomali villages. This situation shows the scattering position of deep wells showing the proportionality of the scattering of deep wells in areas at risk of subsidence.

Wilkij e Markazi, Fooladloo e Shomali, and Fooladloo e Sharghi have the highest levels of vulnerability in terms of subsidence risk status. The critical situation of landslide risk is the highest in these three villages. Also, Kalkhoran and Aghbalagh Aqajan Khan villages are moving from a moderate to a vulnerable situation, which requires more care in managing and planning the water resources of these villages. Also, there is a strong relationship between the distribution of deep wells in the Ardabil plain and areas at high risk of subsidence. Also, according to the results obtained the groundwater status sub-criterion with a weight of 0.38 has the greatest impact on the subsidence risk of Ardabil plain. This weight shows the high impact of this sub-criterion by examining other layers related to groundwater status and population dispersion layer.

Background and Objective Land use/cover changes have been considered to be one of the most important parts of global environmental changes. These changes are complex and dynamic in relation to other environmental changes (global warming, drought, erosion, and ecosystem degradation). In this context, the impacts of land use/cover changes on hydrologic processes are one of the most important environmental issues and challenges, so the extent of dependency on agriculture and other water-related activities on streams has become a major concern in watershed management. So, Assessing long-term hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change is of critical importance for land use planning and water resource management. For example, Increased runoff due to the conversion of forests to other land covers, especially agriculture, as well as increased runoff and flood discharge resulting from the expansion of urban and residential use has been repeatedly reported by various researchers. The present study was aimed at identifying and determining the quantity and quality of land use changes and their relationship with flow discharge changes in catchments of Binalud county in order to guide water resources management and conservation of natural resources at the catchment scale, considering the evidence of land use changes as well as the hydrological regime variations in the catchments. Materials and Methods The data used in this study were as follows: the average monthly discharge of hydrometric stations, including 3 stations of ZirbandGolestan, Hesar, and SarasyabShandiz that were collected during 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018, and the Landsat satellite images, including 4 satellite images for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, acquired in the spring (May). The monthly discharge values of two seasons, winter and spring, were selected to study hydrological regime changes, considering the low and close to zero values of the average monthly discharge during summer and autumn and very small variance in the relevant values. The data were tested for normality at the significance level of 0.05 before entering the correlation test based on the Smirnov-Kolmograph method. In regard to satellite images, the processing steps were as follows: firstly, the atmospheric correction of the images was performed based on the conventional FLAASH method in the ENVI software environment. Then, the combination of visible green, red, and near-infrared bands in false color (4-3-2 in Landsat 5 and 7; 5-4-3 in Landsat 8) was used for classification based on the maximum likelihood algorithm. The land use classes were as follows: 1-garden, 2-residential, 3-water area, 4-rock outcrop, 5-moderate range, 6-poor range, and 7-barren land. The selection of training samples for classification was based on Google Earth images, visual interpretation of satellite images, and of course familiarity with the study area. After classification, the maps were validated based on general accuracy statistics and the Kappa coefficient. However, in order to know the relationship between land use changes and the hydrological regime of the catchments, Pearson two-way correlation test was used in the SPSS software environment. This test was performed at a significance level of 0.05 and between the percentages of the area of each land use and the monthly discharge values (6 months) of hydrometric stations during 4 year. Results and Discussion Preliminary results showed good accuracy of the classification method of the images so that kappa coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.95. According to the maps, it is characterized that most area of the catchments belongs to rangelands and barren lands so the changes and conversions of land use occurred mainly between these two land uses. The minimum area percentage of the catchments belonged to the water areas, which at its highest proportion occupied 0.16% and 0.1% of the area of ZirbandGolestan and SarasyabShandiz catchments, respectively. Reagards to land use changes, a decrease in rangelands and the increase of barren lands during the first (1990-2000) and the third (2010-2020) decades have been very considerable, so that 38% and 13% of the moderate rangelands of the Zirband catchment have decreased during the two decades, respectively. In contrast, barren lands have grown by 31% and 15 % over the two decades. Along with these changes, the 8% increase in the area of settlements has been proposed as the most prominent land use change during the second decade (2000-2010) in the catchments. In addition to land use changes, a review of the monthly discharge variations in the catchments showed that the winter months have been experiencing a decreasing trend and, in contrast, the spring months have been experiencing an increasing trend of discharge over the last two decades. The results of the correlation test showed that there are significant relationships between changes in areas of rock outcrop, moderate range, poor range, and discharge variations in the Zirband catchment. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between land uses and monthly discharges in the Sarasyab catchment. In regard to the quality of relationships, positive correlation between the areas of 3 land uses, including residential, rock outcrop, and barren land, and discharges in April and May, and in contrast, a negative correlation between rangeland areas and discharge of the mentioned months was another important result of the study. In general, the increase in human encroachment and occupation in the form of residential and barren land uses has increased the risks of the occurrence of flooding runoff. On the contrary, the rangeland expansion with its protective and moderating effect has reduced the occurrence of spring floods in the studied catchments. Conclusion The results indicate that an important focus of land use change in the catchments has been on rangeland and barren land, so in the last decades, the area of rangelands, which play an effective role in protecting water and soil resources, has been much larger than today. However, due to the lack of protection of pastures and human encroachment on the environment, as well as overgrazing of livestock, the rangelands have gradually retreated to the upstream areas and were replaced by barren lands and residential areas. The existence of a positive correlation between the areas of the residential, rock outcrop, and barren land and discharges in April and May is indicative of acceleration and intensification of the rainfall-runoff process due to the increase in the areas of the land uses. Therefore, the irregular and sprawling growth and expansion of residential areas, as well as barren and abandoned lands, must be prevented. On the other hand, the negative correlation between the percentage area of rangeland and monthly discharge refers to the positive effect of rangelands on the environmental conditions of the catchments in the context of accelerated runoff and erosion processes, which ultimately requires the protection and preservation of natural areas. In general, more attention and focus on the effects of land use change on discharge variations in wet seasons due to the semi-arid climate of the region is necessary.

Ecotourism attractions and capabilities are one of the unique assets of each country in the region. That its identification, classification, and planning are very important for the development of scientific tourism, This branch of tourism, especially in compliance with international rules and standards, introduces the phenomena resulting from the landscape, geology, and geomorphology to tourists while preserving their spatial identity, and also organizes the observation of this treasure and it prevents its destruction by humans and on the other hand, can provide the ground for the development of the region. The natural tourism industry, especially ecotourism and Geotourism, as a green industry, has the least dependence on basic water and soil resources, and at the same time is very important in terms of income, employment, and cultural development. A Semirom city in terms of structural features of the existing natural system and also human issues related to its location and having natural capabilities such as waterfalls, springs, caves, rivers, high mountains and peaks and lakes, and beautiful villages and mainly compatible with the natural environment and, etc. It can be one of the potential regions of the country to expand Geo-tourism and attract capital. Meanwhile, this region is located in the southern part of the country and the growing trend of this province and the increase in population, and the need for recreation, employment, and attracting economic investments them is undeniable.

In this research, the fuzzy Shannon-Wiener model has been used to zoning the Geotourism potentials of Semirom city. For modeling, natural and human parameters in the region were used as indicators for Shannon. These indicators include altitude, slope, distance from the river, distance from Geosite, distance from the peak, distance from Imamzadeh, distance from plain, distance from land use, distance from the land unit, distance from the lake, distance from the waterfall, distance from the cave, Distance from spring, distance from the fault, distance from the road, distance from the village, protected areas, and climate. All points were harvested by GPS. The required maps and criteria were prepared in the GIS environment and a number of maps were removed. Using the Shannon entropy technique and with the cooperation of experts, the decision table was first scaled. Then, the weight of each criterion was calculated to be used in prioritizing rural options including Wardasht, Hana, Vanak, Lower Padna, and Upper Padna, Middle Padna (which is the smallest political unit of the city and is considered a study unit). Then, the scale was calculated and in the final step, after calculating the positive and negative ideal solutions of the options, their prioritization was done by calculating the relative proximity of the options to the ideal solution. The weight map of the entropy criterion was calculated for each criterion and the weight of each criterion was multiplied by the criteria score and the final result of the final entropy map was obtained. Numerous different models and techniques have been developed and proposed to study and evaluate Geotourism and ecotourism. Geotourism evaluation models try to study and evaluate the potentials and capabilities of Geotourism at the regional and national levels, identify places or areas with Geotourism capabilities, and introduce them for further planning and actions. In this method, a Geocomposite is interpreted based on three scientific values, added and combined. In the scientific value of the indicators of uniqueness, entanglement, and re-observability, ancient geography is considered. In scientific value, the ancient geographical index is very important because it helps to analyze the earth's condition and climatic history. Because the criterion of ancient geography has a special place in scientific value due to the past of the earth and climate. In value-added, ecological, aesthetic, economic, and cultural indicators are considered with emphasis on the index (land-histories). The purpose of calculating value added is to make a connection between Geomorphology and tourism by highlighting the indicators in question. Under the criteria of combined value, more emphasis is placed on managerial actions of officials and planning for tourism development, creation of tourism infrastructure, and promoting measures. In Reynard's method, group scoring is based on average individual scores or combining the opinions of other experts.

Evaluation of this area shows that Semirom city is a lesser known area for tourists and its geological resources are less identified and introduced; however, in terms of value and science, it offers interesting features to the tourist land. Variety and a high number of phenomena, easy access to almost all parts of the city through asphalt and dirt roads, unique and beautiful geological shapes, and the juxtaposition of different layers and formations with different ages and characteristics, are all among the factors that make this area prone to Geotourism development. Therefore, Semirom city has the necessary capacity to develop tourist land. These potentials and interesting and potential resources can be turned into Geotourist attractions by using library search, websites, maps, asking local people, and field visits were identified and introduced. Then they were evaluated according to the scales defined by the Reynard method. Among the 4 selected landforms, Dengzlu Cave was the first, Takht-e-Soliman was the second, abshar was the third, and Cheshmeh Bazarang was the fourth. Also, the final potential mapping map of the city by entropy method showed that approximately 108.8425 square kilometers (6.7%) of this city have a very low potential for Geo-tourism, 388.275 km2, low potential (23.9%), 322,300 km2. Medium potential (19.8%), 2327.450 square kilometers has high potential (26.3%) and 378.1650 square kilometers have very high potential (23.27%) for Geoecotourism.

According to the information obtained during the research, the biggest obstacles to the development of tourism and tourism, are land in the city of Semirom, the unknown in this area and its potential resources, and the lack of facilities at the lowest level for tourists that if these barriers are removed can be the city used to attract tourists. Regarding the advantages of the Reynard method, the total value added among all 4 landforms is higher than the other values. Dangzloo Cave and Takht-e Soleiman, as the most valuable geological resources in the region for the development of Geoecotourism, should be given more attention. Above all, the introduction of these resources and the geological attractiveness of these unique natural forms will play the greatest role in the presence of the tourist land.

Land surface temperature (LST) and its relationship with land use /cover change are significantly considered in environmental studies. The aim of this study was to retrieve the LST of Bushehr land and explore its spatial relationships with LULC. Landsat images of August of the summer season for three years with fifteen years time intervals were analyzed. The result showed a gradual rising (1.4 °C during 1990–2005 and 2 °C during 2005–2020) of LST during the whole period of study. The mean LST value for three study years was the lowest (30.86 °C) on green vegetation and the highest (49.07 °C) on bare land and built-up areas. The spatial distribution of NDVI and LST reflects an inverse relationship. The best (-0.97) and the least (-0.80) correlation, respectively, whereas a moderate (-0.89) correlation was noticed. This LST-NDVI correlation was strong negative (-0.80) on the vegetation surface. The LST is greatly controlled by land-use characteristics. This study can be used as a reference for land use and environmental planning on coastal land.